A selected sampling of referenced scientific journals — detailing impairment of the Δ-6 Desaturase Metabolic Pathway — leading to decreased output of anti-inflammatory PGE₁:

Brenner, RR, “Hormonal modulation of Δ-6 and Δ-5 desaturases: case of diabetes,” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes, and Essential Fatty Acids, 68 (2003), 151-162; Mikhailidis, DP, et al., “The effect of dihomogammalinolenic on platelet aggregation and prostaglandin release, erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and serum lipids: evidence for defects in PGE₁ synthesis and Δ⁵-desaturase activity in insulin-dependent diabetics,” Diabetes Research (1986) 3,7-12; Brown JE, Lindsay RM, Riemersma RA, “Linoleic acid metabolism in the spontaneously diabetic rat: Δ-6 desaturase activity vs. product / precursor ratios,” Lipids. 2000 Dec;35(12):1319-23; Ray, TK, et al., “Regulation of insulin receptor activity of human erythrocyte membrane by prostaglandin E1 [PGE₁],” Biochim Biophys Acta. 1986 Apr. 25,; 856(3):421-7; Mikhailidis, DP, et al., “The effect of dihomogammalinolenic on platelet aggregation and prostaglandin release, erythrocyte membrane fatty acids and serum lipids: evidence for defects in PGE₁ synthesis and Δ⁵-desaturase activity in insulin-dependent diabetics,” Diabetes Research (1986) 3,7-12; Hissen, W, et al., Effect of prostaglandin E₁ on platelet aggregation in vitro and in hemorrhagic shock,” Microvascular Research,” Vol 1, Issue 4, October 1969, pages 374-378;Weiss, C., et al., ”Hemostasis and fibrinolysis in patients with intermittent claudication: effects of prostaglandin E1, Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, Nov. 2000; 63(5):271–277; Nakada, T, et al., “Membrane fatty acid composition shows a Δ-6 desaturase abnormality in Alzheimer’s disease, NeuroReport 1, 153-155 (1990); Willard, DE, et al., “Identification of a fatty acid D-6 desaturase deficiency in human skin fibroblasts,” The Journal of Lipid Research, 42, 2001, pages 501-508; Libby P. “Inflammation in atherosclerosis.” Nature. 2002 Dec 19–26;420(6917):868–874;“A defect in the activity of Δ6 and D5 desaturases may be a factor in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis,” Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fatty Acids. 2007;76(5):251–268; Savary, S, et al., “Fatty acids Induced lipotoxicity and inflammation,” Current Drug Metabolism, 2012, Vol. 13, No. 10, pages 1358-1370; Weiss, C., et al., “Hemostasis and fibrinolysis in patients with intermittent claudication: effects of prostaglandin E1,” Prostaglandins, Leukotrienes and Essential Fatty Acids, Nov. 2000; 63(5):271–277; Lazaro, I, et al., “Linoleic Acid Status in Cell Membranes Inversely Relates to the Prevalence of Symptomatic Carotid Artery Disease,” Stroke. 2021;52:703–706; Ren, H-X, et al.; Fang, W, et al., “Effect of prostaglandin E1 [PGE₁] on TNF-induced vascular inflammation in human umbilical vein endothelial cells,” Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 2010 May;88(5):576-83; Das, U, “A defect in the activities of Δ⁶ and Δ⁵ desaturase and pro-resolution bioactive lipids in the pathobiology of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease,” World Journal of Diabetes, 2011 November 15:2(11).